Electronics-free artificial reflex reproduces knee-jerk and enables bipedal walking

When a doctor taps just below your kneecap, your lower leg kicks forward automatically. This knee-jerk reflex is one example of the reflexes that play an essential role in human motor control. Now, researchers at Tohoku University have developed a reflex module for musculoskeletal robots that works without electronic sensors or circuits. Using this module, the team reproduced the knee-jerk reflex in a robot and generated bipedal walking.

The findings are published in the journal Advanced Intelligent Systems.

"Biological systems can generate complex movements through the interaction between their bodies and the environment. By building reflexes directly into a robot's mechanical structure, we aim to create simpler systems that can generate movement without relying on complex electronic control," says Dai Owaki, associate professor at Tohoku University's Graduate School of Engineering.

Human movement relies on reflexes that automatically respond to sensory information. The patellar tendon reflex, for example, causes the quadriceps muscle to contract when the tendon below the kneecap is tapped. Other muscle reflexes help stabilize leg movements during walking and support body weight while standing. Reproducing these mechanisms could provide a foundation for controlling robots.

However, implementing reflexes in musculoskeletal robots typically requires complex electronic sensors to monitor the state of artificial muscles. These components can increase system complexity, computational demands and power consumption.

To address this challenge, the research team developed a mechanical reflex module that combines sensing, computation and actuation within its physical structure. The module mechanically detects when an artificial muscle stretches beyond a set threshold and automatically contracts it in response. Inspired by muscle spindles, sensory structures in human muscles, the mechanism can also adjust its activation threshold.

When integrated into musculoskeletal robots, the module successfully reproduced the patellar tendon reflex. The researchers then combined the mechanical reflex with a higher-level control system that adjusted the activation threshold according to the phase of movement. This enabled the robot to generate bipedal walking.

The findings show that essential sensorimotor functions can be built directly into a robot's mechanical structure rather than relying entirely on conventional electronic control. This approach could provide a foundation for musculoskeletal robots with lower system complexity, computational demands and power consumption.

The team plans to combine mechanical reflex modules with minimal electronic control to develop robots with many more artificial muscles.

More information

Shunsuke Koseki et al., Purely Mechanical Muscle Length Feedback Enables Embodied Reflexive Control in Musculoskeletal Robots, Advanced Intelligent Systems (2026). DOI: 10.1002/aisy.70590

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